Epidemiology & Public Health

To prevent development of disease (secondary prevention) or disease-associated death and disability (tertiary prevention).

• Epidemiology and Disease control
• Epidemiology and Diseases
• Epidemiology and HIV
• Epidemiology and Zoonosis
• Epidemiology and Etiology
• Epidemiology and Infection

Epidemiologists continue to search for factors that cause cancer (like tobacco use, obesity, ultraviolet radiation), as well as those things that can help protect against cancer (such as physical activity and a healthy diet). The research provides evidence to guide public health recommendations and regulations. As molecular biologists learn more about how factors cause or prevent cancer, this information is used to study Molecular epidemiology, which is the study of interactions between genes and external factors.  It represents the investigation of elements in responsible of the inception, metastasis and guess of different sorts of malignant growth. Epidemiological research discoveries on disease can encourage the detailing of appropriate helpful treatment techniques and preventive medicines for cancer. It is the exposure to specific chemical and physical agents is potentially one of the most important ways in which analytical epidemiologic methods can contribute to the knowledge of cancer etiology.

• Epidemiology and Cancer Research
• Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention
• Epidemiology and Clinical Research

Epidemiology encompasses the identification of infectious disease; the vectors of transmission, the sources of contamination, the patient population exposed or involved, containment practices, and preventative measures to stop further transmission of the disease. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is a common infectious disease in ophthalmology. It can be contracted from interpersonal exposure, contact with contaminated items, or iatrogenic transmission from the health-care settings and providers. The interview process, plus patient education, is the method of epidemiologic assessment that acts as the format to dealing with the epidemic. 

Public health nursing focuses on person’s health that is affected by many factors, including genetic makeup, lifestyle and environment. They go into communities to try and help people to improve their health and prevent disease. Public health nurses also serve direct health care services, including preventive care, screening services and health education.

Health education is a primary deal with public health nurses. Drawing on their training as registered nurses, public health nurses provide people reliable, relevant information about how to protect their health. In low-income and rural people, public health nurses also provide critical health care services.They immunize schoolchildren, provide pre-natal and well-baby care and teach the aged people how to stay safe and healthy at home. They also must be able to recognize and respond to potential health crises.

• Nuclear Education in Public Health and Nursing
• Occupational Health Nursing
• Nursing management and education
• Occupational Health & Security
• Communal Health

The study of disease transmission is worried about comprehension and controlling ailment plagues by examining experimentally the relationship between variety in presentation to infection making specialists outside the singular, variety in the opposition of people presented to the illness causing operators, and variety in obstruction assets in the conditions of uncovered people. These examinations are at first completed by analyzing regular varieties. Speculations dependent on these investigations are at that point, typically, tried temporarily in naturalistic semi exploratory circumstances with coordinating or measurable controls used thorough the states of an investigation. On the off chance that the theories confront these fundamental tests, they are assessed in intercessions gone for keeping the beginning or adjusting the course of the disarranges. Mental the study of disease transmission generally slacks behind different parts of the study of disease transmission in view of troubles experienced in conceptualizing and estimating mental scatters. Thus, much contemporary mental the study of disease transmission proceeds to be unmistakable, concentrating on the estimation of scatter prevalence and subtypes when different parts of the study of disease transmission are gaining ground in recording hazard factors and creating preventive intercessions. To the degree that mental disease transmission specialists examine hazard, they tend to center around expansive nonspecific hazard markers, for example, sex and social class, instead of on modifiable hazard factors, consequently restricting the conceivable outcomes for mediation. Be that as it may, this circumstance is changing as expressive issues are being settled, more expository questions are being tended to, and preventive intercessions are being actualized.

• Different Concerns of Epidemiological Research in Psychiatric Disorders
• Neurobiology, Genetics and Clinical Features of Psychiatric Disorders
• Epidemiology of Mental Disorders During Childhood, Adulthood, And Late Adults

Concerns have been raised about the value of genomic research for prevention and public health, especially for complex diseases with risk factors that are amenable to environmental modification. Given that gene-environment interactions underlie almost all human diseases, the public health significance of Genomic research on common diseases with modifiable environmental risks is based not necessarily on finding new genetic ‘‘causes’’ but on improving existing approaches to identifying and modifying environmental risk factors to better prevent and treat disease. Such applied genomic research for environmentally caused diseases is important, because it may help stratify disease risks and differentiate interventions for achieving population health benefits; it could help identify new environmental risk factors for disease or help confirm suspected environmental risk factors; and  it may aid our understanding of disease occurrence in terms of transmission, natural history, severity, etiologic heterogeneity, and targets for intervention at the population level. While genomics is still in its infancy, opportunities exist for developing, testing, and applying the tools of genomics to clinical and public health research, especially for conditions with known or suspected environmental causes. This research is likely to lead to population-wide health promotion and disease prevention efforts, not only to interventions targeted according to genetic susceptibility.

• Genetic Epidemiology
• Cardiovascular Epidemiology
• Genetics and Multi System Diseases
• Epidemiology and Human Genetics
• Epidemiology and Epigenetics
• Epidemiology and Pharmacogenomics

Pulmonary disease prevalence increases with age and contributes to morbidity and mortality in older patients. Dyspnea in older patients is often ascribed to multiple etiologies such as medical comorbidities and deconditioning. Common pulmonary disorders are frequently overlooked as contributors to dyspnea in older patients. In addition to negative impacts on morbidity and mortality, quality of life is reduced in older patients with uncontrolled, undertreated pulmonary symptoms. The purpose of this review is to discuss the epidemiology of common pulmonary diseases, namely pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in older patients. We will review common clinical presentations for these diseases and highlight differences between younger and older patients. We will also briefly discuss risk factors, treatment, and mortality associated with these diseases. Finally, we will address the relationship between comorbidities, pulmonary symptoms, and quality of life in older patients with pulmonary diseases.

• Occupational exposures
• Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
• COPD, Asthma
• Acute Respiratory Infections
• Lung Cancer 

The recent research shows that cumulative neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with increase in the odds of developing diabetes at middle age, with a dose-response association; those exposed to neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage for a shorter duration showed a less increased risk. The association remained after controlling for individual socioeconomic status. The results show that the effect of neighbourhood disadvantage becomes visible in childhood (poor diet), adolescence (low physical activity, increased prevalence of daily smoking) and early adulthood.

• Epidemiology and Medical Sociology
• Epidemiology and Medical Anthropology
• Epidemiology and Ethics

Nutritional epidemiology is one of the younger disciplines in epidemiology. This may be partially due to the difficulties in measuring diet as an exposure. Diet and physical activity are arguably the most difficult exposures to assess in observational research and are plagued by considerable measurement error. Hence we are all exposed, and the variation may be more subtle than with other, more distinct exposures such as smoking or use of hormone replacement therapy.

• Nutrition Deficiency Syndromes Epidemiology
• Epidemiological Approach to Diet and Diseases
• Malnutrition and Occurrence Of Diseases Epidemiology
• Epidemiology and Nutrition health
• Epidemiology and physical activity

Environmental epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that is related to determining how environmental risks affect human health. This area tries to understand how different external risk factors can prevent or prevent disease, illness, injury, developmental abnormalities or death. Epidemiologists study the factors that cause disease and the distribution of diseases within the population. Environmental epidemiology focuses on the ways environmental factors (physical, chemical and biological) affect the health of population.

• Epidemiology and preventive care
• Epidemiology and screening services
• Epidemiology and health education
• Epidemiology and Ecology
• Epidemiology and Occupational Health
• Epidemiology and Respiratory Diseases
• Epidemiology and Risk Management

Alternative medicine involves the application of traditional methods of medication such as the use of herbs and other mind and body healing techniques that are mostly based on faith and belief. However, most of these techniques have no regulatory approval or clinical evidential backing. Many of the governments and regulatory bodies have put up efforts in finding clinical support for the incorporation of alternative treatments to help improve the market and treatment methods.

Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last 70 years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. These drugs are helping to cure illness and death from infectious diseases. However, these drugs have been implemented so widely and for so long to kill infectious organisms. Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people become arrested with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections.

• Epidemiology and acquired resistance
• Epidemiology and Disseminated resistance
• Epidemiology and intrinsically resistant

 The mission of the Chronic Disease Epidemiology Department (CDE) is to advance the health of the public by promoting a research-based approach to the prevention and management of chronic disease. Research in the chronic disease epidemiology cluster addresses the etiology, prevention, distribution, natural history, and treatment outcomes of chronic health disorders, including cancer (particularly breast, colon, lung, prostate, ovary and pancreas), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease, and obesity 

Epidemiology and prevalence chronic disease

Epidemiology and Incidence Chonic disease

• Epidemiology and preventive dentist 
• Epidemiology and Gentle Health 
• Epidemiology and Quality of Life 
• Epidemiology and Diabetes 
• Epidemiology and Elderly 
• Epidemiology and Tobacco 
• Epidemiology and Drug
• Epidemiology and Obesity
• Epidemiology and Aging
• Epidemiology and Alcohol
• Epidemiology and Smoking
• Epidemiology and Hygiene 
• Epidemiology and learning disabilities